How to write an Enzyme conversion nursing essay (Solved)
How to write an Enzyme conversion nursing essay (Solved)
Prompt: Starting with the precursor substance tyrosine, draw three diagrams showing how the various enzymes convert this substance to serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine.
Identify and briefly describe each chemical step required to create each neurotransmitter.
\”diagrams must be hand-drawn\”
SOLUTION TO PROMPT
Serotonin
Tyrosine
Tyrosine hydroxylase
L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.
Dopamine
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Serotonin
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine. The first step in synthesizing serotonin is converting tyrosine to the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase converts L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). The enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase then converts L-DOPA to dopamine. Finally, the enzyme monoamine oxidase converts dopamine to serotonin (MAO).The enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to L-DOPA. This enzyme requires tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and molecular oxygen as cofactors. In the presence of these two molecules, tyrosine is hydroxylated, resulting in the formation of L-DOPA (Raghavendra et al., 2012).
L-DOPA is converted to dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. This enzyme requires pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor. In the presence of this molecule, L-DOPA is decarboxylated, resulting in the formation of dopamine. The conversion of dopamine to serotonin is catalyzed by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). This enzyme oxidizes dopamine to form 3, and 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). The enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase converts DOPAC to 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin).
Serotonin is an essential neurotransmitter in the brain involved in mood regulation. Low serotonin levels are associated with depression, while adequate serotonin levels are associated with feelings of contentment and well-being.
Dopamine
Tyrosine
Tyrosine hydroxylase
L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.
Dopamine
The steps involved in the synthesis of dopamine from tyrosine are the same as those involved in the synthesis of serotonin. The enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase converts tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) in the first step. The enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase then converts L-DOPA to dopamine (Rudy & Sismanis, 2020)
Tyrosine hydroxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to L-DOPA. Cofactors for this enzyme include tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and molecular oxygen. In the presence of these two molecules, tyrosine is hydroxylated, resulting in the formation of L-DOPA. L-DOPA is converted to dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. As a coenzymes, this enzyme necessitates pyridoxal phosphate. In the presence of this molecule, L-DOPA is decarboxylated, resulting in the formation of dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter to transmit signals between nerve cells in the brain. It is essential for maintaining normal brain function and plays a vital role in regulating mood, motivation, and reward-seeking behaviors.
Norepinephrine
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tyrosine hydroxylase
L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.
Dopamine
Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
Norepinephrine
The sympathetic nerve system produces norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that controls the body’s reaction to stress. It elevates heart rate and blood pressure, stimulates glucose discharge from energy stores, and increases oxygen flow to the brain.
The steps for synthesizing norepinephrine from tyrosine are the same as those for synthesizing serotonin and dopamine. The enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase works by converting tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) in the first step. The enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase then converts L-DOPA to dopamine (Barclay, 2018). Lastly, the enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase convert’s dopamine to norepinephrine. The enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to L-DOPA. This enzyme requires tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and molecular oxygen as cofactors. In the presence of these two molecules, tyrosine is hydroxylated, resulting in the formation of L-DOPA.
L-DOPA is converted to dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. As a cofactor, this enzyme requires pyridoxal phosphate. L-DOPA is catabolized in the presence of this molecule, resulting in the production of dopamine. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transformation of dopamine to norepinephrine. This enzyme requires ascorbic acid as a cofactor. In the presence of this molecule, dopamine is hydroxylated, resulting in the formation of norepinephrine.
References
Barclay, R. (2018). Neurotransmitters: Norepinephrine. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/norepinephrine-2795037
Rudy, V., & Sismanis, A. (2020). The Synthesis of Dopamine from Tyrosine. Retrieved April 5, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279129/
Raghavendra, S. V., Kasinadhuni, V. R., & Subramanian, G. (2012). Serotonin Synthesis and Metabolism. International Journal of Neurochemistry, 2012, 1–9. doi:10.1155/2012/701907)
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